MAGENTO 2 Architecture

Magento 2 has a modular and layered architecture that supports scalability, flexibility, and easy customization. It separates business logic, UI, and data access to promote maintainability and reuse.

Layered Architecture

Magento 2 consists of several architectural layers. Here’s a simplified view:

1. Presentation Layer
   - Themes
   - Layouts (.xml)
   - Blocks
   - Templates (.phtml)

2. Controller Layer
   - Routers
   - Controllers
   - Actions

3. Service Layer
   - Service Contracts (Interfaces)
   - Data Interfaces (Data Transfer Objects)

4. Domain Layer
   - Models (Business Logic)
   - Repositories (DB access abstraction)

5. Persistence Layer
   - Resource Models
   - Database Connections

6. Framework Layer
   - Magento Core
   - Zend/Framework/Third-party Libraries

Request Flow in Magento 2

  1. User sends a request (e.g., visit a product page)
  2. Router matches the URL pattern to a controller
  3. Controller calls related model/service/repository
  4. Block renders the data from models into templates
  5. Layout and theme control the final UI output

Modules in Magento 2

Everything in Magento 2 is organized in modules:

  • Each module has its own etc/module.xml and registration.php
  • Can be enabled/disabled individually
  • Provides flexibility for adding or removing features

Dependency Injection (DI)

Magento 2 uses DI via XML configuration to inject classes rather than using singleton or global objects. This promotes testability and decouples dependencies.

Summary

  • ✅ Clean separation of concerns
  • ✅ Fully modular and scalable
  • ✅ Uses modern PHP practices (OOP, DI, Interfaces)